Bikes, Tattoos, Music and all things Metal
Archive for December, 2009
Can Harley Davidson’s Secret Weapon Revitalise Your Marketing?
Dec 31st
Imagine yourself in a helicopter over Milwaukee, USA, on the
shiny morning of June 13, 1998.
You look down casually on the criscrossing tangle of roads on Interstate 94, and then do a doubletake. You can’t believe your eyes.
It seems like there are hundreds of moving objects on the highway below. Maybe even thousands. You watch in horror as a veritable sea of black advances like warrior ants into downtown Milwaukee.
You hastily reach for your binoculars and your heart goes thump, thump, thump. Thousands upon thousands of Harley bikers, swathed in trademark leather and shining chrome bikes seem to be almost invading the city.
What should you do? Maybe you should call the newspaper. The police perhaps. Surely Milwaukee needs some sort of warning.
But it’s too late. The bikers are already in the city.
Then you see the fluttering flags
The roads of Milwaukee seem to be lined with cheering people.
Flags flutter in the sunshine. The roar of the crowd seems to
drown the chucka, chucka, chucka sound of the helicopter you’re in.
Down at street level, 50,000 proud Harleys roar through the city.
You don’t know it yet, but among those riders are senior executives, CEOs, employees and long-time owners of Harleys. It’s a heck of a parade and over 125,000 owners turn up for Harley’s big 95th Come Home’ birthday.
Wouldn’t it surprise you, even appall you, to know that in the spring of 1984, just 14 years earlier, only twenty eight bikers showed up?
28 to 365,000 members: What changed in 14 years?
It’s called HOG. Short for Harley Owners Group.
Harley had dug a deep financial hole for themselves in 1983. Money for advertising was kinda non-existent. Saddled with this Catch 22 situation, Harley Davidson set about creating the first HOG chapter.
Using newsletters and club magazines they built their susbcriber
base one member at a time. From one solitary chapter, the HOG has mushroomed to an astounding 940 chapters around the world.
Working on an advertising budget of 10 cents or less
In 1997, Harley Davidson spent just $1 million on advertising. Before you say “Oh, I don’t have a million,” — look at Harley’s
advertising budget for 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992…all the way to 1984.
Zero.
A big fat zero.
All their money, squillions of dollars, went into creating an absolutely top-notch product. And then creating a community that would buy into the brand.
You were expecting some big secret, weren’t you?
It’s called community. Yeah, that’s the big secret. Creating community among your clients. Harley does it. Sting does it. Apple does it. So why don’t you do it?
It’s way too much trouble, huh?
Well let’s jump back to Harley Davidson’s profit line. Think jackets, boots, gloves, t-shirts, bike accessories, baseball caps. Then do the math. Don’t you think each HOG member is going to spend at least $10 to keep up his/her Harley image?
What’s $10 profit x 350,000 members? You got it. $3.5 million.
Now let’s look at actual figures In 1996, Harley took home $100 million. Up from $20 million, just eight years before in 1988. Mind boggling, huh?
And we’re not even counting the profits from the sales of the
Harley bikes!
So how can you do a Harley?
Let’s face it. You work too damn hard in your business
Yes, you know you’ve got to sell time and again to a customer.
And yes you know the real profit lies in your existing customer
coming back time and again. And that customers talk to customers and it helps to build sales.
But where the heck are you going to get the time to do all of this
community business?
If Katrina can do it, you can
Katrina runs a little dress store in a town that boasts of less than 15,000 residents. Business can be cut-throat, specially with the
big megastores within ’small business gobbling distance.’
Yet Katrina’s done a ‘Harley.’
Every month, Katrina heads out for coffee. And she’s not alone.
In the quaint little cafe down the road, there’s a hubbub of excitement. Katrina’s customers are having a whale of a time. They’re laughing, chatting and tucking into cheesecake — while Katrina picks up the tab month after month.
Do you see the word advertising anywhere?
Printing of glossy brochures? Hundreds of dollars of publicity?
All it costs is $2.50 for a coffee. Per customer. Per month.
That’s all it takes. And Katrina’s community builds one customer at a time. Customers bring friends, friends bring friends and the dresses fly out of Katrina’s dress store.
Why community is the most powerful secret of all
1) The competition doesn’t have a clue
While conventional advertising and publicity is great, it costs
serious moolah. And everyone, including competitors, can see
exactly what you’re doing. Once they get their grubby hands
on your plans, they can outspend you, outsmart you and send your business into outer Mongolia.
With community, you can see who’s coming through the door. And you’re the doorkeeper. It gives you the chance to create Super Glue loyalty, long before your competition wises up.
2) Communities give specific and vital feedback
Ja, ja. They may complain good-naturedly at times. But mostly
they’ll be giving you valuable feedback. They’ll tell you what they want and what is passe. Tey’ll bond with you. Trust you and your judgement with each meeting.
You will no longer have to guess what your customers want.
They’ll tell you even without your asking. What more could you ask for?
3) No man is an island
You’ve heard that phrase before. No man or woman likes to be an isolated case. Psychologically, we all like to be part of a group, a society, a country or a community of some sort. Give your clients something to cling to and watch how leaders and volunteers form within the community, dramatically lessening your workload.
Bankers call it compound interest
Invest in an account now and put away a little bit every day
Suddenly before you know it, you’ve got gazillions in the bank.
Building community is no different. You’ll have to put the pieces together, one evangelist at a time.
Ladies and gentlemen, rev up your engines. Hit the road and start building your community. And you’ll find as Harley has found with HOG.
That yes, communities do bring home the ‘bacon.’
By: Sean D'Souza
About the Author:
©Psychotactics Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Wouldn’t you love to stumble upon a secret library of small business ideas? Find simple, yet electrifying ideas, on copywriting, public speaking, sales conversion, marketing strategy,psychological tactics and branding. Head down to http://www.psychotactics.com today and judge for yourself.
Where to Find Motorcycle Values
Dec 31st
Bikers get so excited about finding great motorcycle values. Who wouldn’t want to find motorcycle values? They can be found just about anywhere.
Local classifieds
Sometimes you can find great motorcycle values in the local newspaper. Not every used item in the newspaper is great motorcycle values, but sometimes you can find motorcycle values that are too good to pass up. Sometimes the sellers don’t really know what they have, but they are really anxious to get rid of the motorcycle. In estate sales you can find great motorcycle values. A motorcycle enthusiast doesn’t always share the same enthusiasm with family members, so they may get rid of the motorcycle just to get it out of the way.
In this way you can find great motorcycle values. Unfortunately not everything that sounds like great motorcycle values is actually great motorcycle values. Be careful about things that sound too good to be true, because they might actually be too good to be true.
Internet
Some of the greatest motorcycle values can be found on the Internet. This is mostly because of the wide range of locations offered and the fact that they can be searched all over the country and in some instances all over the world. Some motorcycle values are found in foreign countries, some can be found just in your backyard.
Some Internet sites are auction sites; these can have great motorcycle values because it goes on highest bid. If not many people are aware of the motorcycles up for auction, you can get motorcycle values simply because you are the only bidder. Some Internet motorcycle values can be great because they are little known. If you can find a motorcycle sales site or auction site that is new you can certainly find motorcycle values.
Auctions
Auctions can be in person or on the Internet sites. In person sites can offer motorcycle values simply by the limited number of people who can attend. Even though the auction can be publicized on the Internet, not everyone who views the website can actually attend the auction. In this way, you can find great motorcycle values and deals. Internet Auctions can be a little more difficult. If you see great motorcycle values on the Internet, chances are there are a lot more people viewing those same motorcycle values. Though some people would be hesitant to purchase a motorcycle without physically seeing and test driving the motorcycle.
Some people would be hesitant to turn money over through the Internet and some people would not want to pay shipping fees for the motorcycle should they win the auction. No matter what motorcycle you are looking for, you can definitely find motorcycle values on Internet auctions. Auctions in person are not as varied. When you find motorcycle deals it is typically that you get what they have to offer and that is all. Some people search local auctions and wait patiently for the motorcycle values and motorcycle manufacturers that they are looking for.
By: Justin Stewart
About the Author:
Click here to learn more about motorcycle values at The MotorcyclePedia.
Packaging Tapes
Dec 30th
Packaging Tapes are known by a host of other names such as sticky tape, self-stick tape, self-adhesive tape, adhesive tape, or PSA tape. Whatever the name used, Packaging Tapes are essential for taping down packages so that their wrapping stays secure or so boxes cannot be opened. One reason Packaging Tapes are called PSA tapes is because one side of the tape is covered with a pressure sensitive adhesive that lines the backing material. One example of this type of tape that you may be familiar with is masking tape. Duct tape also falls under the category of Packaging Tapes.
Packaging Tapes are used in a variety of packaging applications for work, home and school. Packaging Tapes fall into two broad categories – the first would be the aforementioned PSA tape, which only firmly sticks onto the application surface, like the top of a cardboard box when you apply pressure on the tape. The second type is the water activated tape that is also known as gummed tape. This second type of tape requires that the adhesive side of the tape contact water for its adhesive to become sticky and ready to be applied to the application surface.
Packaging Tapes can also be classified either as single-sided tape or double-sided tape. Like their names imply, the single sided Packaging Tapes have adhesive only on one side, while the double-sided Packaging Tapes have adhesive on both sides. Sometimes Packaging Tapes have a protective film that can be peeled off so that the underlying adhesive can be used.
Though it is not clear who really can be credited with invention of the Packaging Tapes concept, some believe that Richard Drew from the 3M companies was the one who came up with the concept of these adhesive tapes back in 1926. Nowadays, there are a wide variety of other types of tapes that have contributed to advances in Packaging Tapes technology.
Though you may think that tape is only used for wrapping gifts and other packages, adhesive tape has a lot of other applications nowadays. For instance, there is hockey tape that is used to tape the grip area of lacrosse and hockey sticks. We have surgical tape that is used as a type of bandage that can keep a dressing fixed on a wound surface. You might also be familiar with gaffer tape that is used to tape down cables in entertainment-related industries by gaffers. Stage gaffers rely on Spike tape (another type of gaffer tape) which is brightly colored so that they can easily see actors or furniture on a dimly lit stage. There are many other types of adhesive tape employed for different applications in various industries at present.
If you don’t find Packaging Tapes that interesting, well, guess what, there are actually organizations devoted to upgrading and upholding the high standards of the manufacturing of Packaging Tapes so consumers get the best Packaging Tapes they can for the money. For these professionals, Packaging Tapes are a vital part of the commercial and home market.
By: natisha
About the Author:
Hillas Packaging offers a wide selection of 3M Packaging Tapes for bonding, protecting, masking, enhancing, bundling, shielding, damping, splicing, reinforcing, color coding, case sealing, and more to meet your specific needs.
Rock Music and Its Genres
Dec 29th
Rock music comes in a range of forms so the chances are good that everyone on this planet will be able to appreciate at least a few songs. Having said that, rock music is not a style that appeals to everyone. It can be a bit hard and loud for those who prefer their music light and airy. The lyrics can also be on the dark side and depending on the genre, a little depressing. Those who love rock have their particular genres and tend not to stray too much. Those who love soft rock for instance, won’t spend much time or money on the punk rock or metal scene. Likewise, metalheads wouldn’t be caught dead cruising the pop rock aisle. Alternative rock is a genre that encompasses many others, some of which are included below.
Punk rock is one of those fiercely anti-establishment music genres that your parents hate. It developed between 1974 and 1977, mainly in the US, UK and Australia. Punk rock moved away from mainstream 70s rock by stripping down the instrumentation, playing faster and harder and writing more political or nihilistic lyrics. Writing also confronts sex and relationships in a manner that was scandalous at the time for its anti-sentimentality. It struck a chord with rebellious youths of the time who adopted a particular style of dress and developed their anti-authoritarian philosophies. It was a scornful answer to the political idealism of the time and strongly rejected the flower-power hippie movement. Punk resulted in a total cultural revolution, which gradually led to the development of the alternative rock movement.
Alternative rock serves as an umbrella term for all underground music that has come about since the mid 80s. Its characterised by its rejection of mainstream culture and materialism. Those who feel cast aside by society or who feel like they don’t fit in anywhere else often embrace it. It has no set musical style and ranges from grunge to gothic rock. Lyrics are often concerned with social issues like drug use and depression.
Pop punk combines punk rock and pop music and is thus known as a fusion genre. Pop influenced punk has been around since the 70s. It has a faster rhythm than hardcore punk, from which it mainly originated. Their approach is more positive and sarcastic than other punk genres and this is their distinguishing characteristic. Their brattiness also provided many punk fans with relief from the moodiness and nihilistic lyrics of the grunge and hardcore punk bands.
Heavy metal, or simply metal developed in the 60s and early 70s. Vocals vary widely from a multi-octave theatrical approach (Bruce Dickenson from Iron Maiden), to a gruff style (James Hetfield of Metallica), to screaming and growling and a phlegm-clogged, possessed style. Lyrics most commonly revolve around sex, violence, death and the occult. They also feature fantasy inspired themes.
Thrash metal emerged in the early 80s, with a sound that was faster and more aggressive than traditional metal bands. Lyrics dealt with social or political issues or were nihilistic in content.
Death metal came about as thrash evolved into more extreme genres. It is characterised by lyrics that emphasise blasphemy, aggression, violence and Satanism. Vocals tend to include guttural “death grunts”, high-pitched screaming and various other hardcore techniques.
Emo is a sub-genre of hardcore punk. It began in the mid 90s and was used to refer to the indie scene. These days the term has expanded to include such a wide variety of bands that very few of them have anything in common. This expansion makes the term very difficult to qualify. It has become so broad, in fact, that many bands and fans of the bands have rejected the “emo” label as it does nothing to distinguish them from hundred of others. It merely lumps them into a single category because they may dress in a similar fashion to other bands, or some of their songs may be popular within the “emo” scene. However, those who identify strongly with the “emo” scene and label are severely offended when the term is applied loosely to so many bands that don’t fit the profile. Guy Picciotto of Fugazi and Rites of Spring was once asked how he felt about playing an instrumental role in creating the emo genre. This was his reply, ” I don’t recognise that attribution. I’ve never recognised “emo” as a genre of music. I always thought it was the most retarded term ever. … every band that gets labelled with that term hates it. They feel scandalised by it. But honestly, I just thought that all the bands I played in were punk rock bands. …”
Some other famous rock stars have their say.
“We weren’t too ambitious when we started out. We just wanted to be the biggest thing that ever walked the planet.” — Steven Tyler
“… I don’t want you to play me a riff that’s going to impress Joe Satriani; give me a riff that makes a kid want to go out and buy a guitar and learn to play- …” Ozzy Osbourne
“We never thought of ourselves as a ‘heavy metal band’ we’ve always regarded ourselves as a rock band. The big difference we’ve always thought we had a lot more feel for rock, we always went out for songs, not riffs or heavy, heavy sounds. But every now and again it does come on like a sledge hammer.” — Angus Young, guitarist with AC/DC
“Whenever society gets too stifling and the rules get too complex, there’s some sort of musical explosion” – Slash/Guns ‘n Roses
Recommended sites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock
http://www.musicwithease.com/rock-quotes.html
http://www.ducksdeluxe.com/quotes.html
By: Sandy Cosser
About the Author:
Sandra wrote this article for the online marketers Rock Music News rock music news [http://www.rock-music-news.info] one of the leading site indexes for rock music news.
Music T-shirt — a Style statement for Generations
Dec 28th
“There are so many different options that anyone anywhere can design a t-shirt that fits their own personal style perfectly but design a t-shirt with music is a great and unique idea to enhance the personality of the wearer.”
Music and t-shirt are both integral parts of our lives, one is necessary for our body and the other one is for our soul. And when both are combined, they not only maximize our personality but also satisfy our inner desire to fill music in every aspect of our lives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, t-shirts are a popular item to wear for both comforts and style; there was sometime in the late 1970’s, the music industry made its debut, taking fashion and marketing steps through t-shirts. Since then, music tees has become a popular choice for every music lover around the World.
With the increasing number of the music bands and stars, the demand for the music t-shirts has also increased. There are a lot of band tees available nowadays to help you show your personal taste and style.Rock band t-shirts are the most common music t-shirts. Different music bands like rock n roll, punk, gothic and heavy metal are picturised and printed on t-shirts. Rock band t-shirt not only helps music lovers to advertise the bands they are fond of, but also helps them to find some likeminded persons.
You can purchase your band tee on the net for a great deal and wide choice as there are many online clothing company devoted exclusively to music lovers. You can find there a large variety of music band t-shirts especially when it comes to the colors and prints on them. Usually most of the band t-shirts available online are quite inexpensive because they have a promotional purpose. After all, anyone with a band t-shirt promotes their product for free every time wearing it. There are many websites where you can place order for a custom made t-shirt. You can choose your very own graphics and lyrics to make your very own music t-shirt. Custom made music t-shirt can make a great gift for any music lover.
You can popularise your own personal choice by wearing your very own music t-shirt because the kinds of t-shirts you wear say a lot about you. These t-shirts are great to wear to concerts, shows, festivals, school, work, and for hanging out with your music friends. Lyrics Tees are also there to make a huge style statement. They can be a real conversation starter to help you make some good friends. For whatever reason you choose to wear music t-shirt, it’ll prove to be the best way to tell everyone who you really are.
By: Brad Zockoll
About the Author:
For more information about music t-shirt,please visit: http://www.orphanlyrics.com/.
Harley-Davidson Apparel Must-Haves
Dec 28th
As you gaze upon your priceless Harley-Davidson motorcycle, you can’t help but beam with pleasure and satisfaction. After all, owning one is a dream come true for any passionate motorcyclist.
But the Harley-Davidson thrill does not end here. Riding the bike is of course the next best thing which gives you an exhilarating feeling that is like no any other feeling in the world. Aside from that, there is a wide array of Harley-Davidson apparel you can buy to complete your look and more importantly to make your ride a smooth and safe one.
Here are some of the Harley-Davidson clothing apparel you might like to check on:
Helmet. Hopping into your Harley and roaring with extreme speed will not make you a real rider but will only endanger your life. Be sure that you ride at the right speed and that you don your Harley-Davidson helmet to protect your head from any possible injury that you may encounter in the fast lane. Remember, there have been many lives that were saved because of this protective head gear. Do the right thing by donning this important piece of Harley-Davidson gear. Leather Jacket. Leather jackets may be popular in giving a rider that bad boy look or a menacing image, one who terrorizes people. But the truth behind leather jackets is that it gives the rider ample protection from wind, dust, sand as well as minimize injuries like abrasions and burns in case of crashes. A Harley-Davidson jacket will not only give you the look but more importantly make your ride a safe one. Leather Pants. This is to complement your leather jacket, to protect your lower body from abrasions and to complete your Harley-Davidson emblem. Motorcycle boots. Again, this is not solely for the image but also holds a higher purpose of protecting your leg against muffler burns as well as abrasions and minimize injuries in case of accidents. Harley-Davidson Hat. You know that you can’t wear the helmet all the time especially after you’ve gotten off your bike. But to keep your head protected either from the heat of the sun or from drops of rain, don a Harley-Davidson hat. Sunglasses. A pair of shades will keep road debris like sand off your eyes and prevent any elements from obstructing your view. This is a fabulous accessory that will make your rider look even more awesome but more significantly, contribute to a safe driving by protecting your eyes and keeping your vision clear.
These Harley-Davidson apparel are sure to roar up your motorcycle rider image. But keep in mind that image is not everything. And while it’s nice that these apparel make you look good and all, the more important thing is that they provide safety and protection to make your ride a smooth and enjoyable one.
By: Selene Marin
About the Author:
For more tips and information about Harley Davidson Hats, check out http://www.rockytopleather.com.
Expired Domains With Traffic – Buying Tips
Dec 27th
Buying an expired domain with inbuilt traffic could be a risky proposition. Spending your hard-earned money on an expired domain without any meaningful incoming traffic could also be a big wastage of money. Once you decide that you want to invest your money in buying an expired domain with traffic, you will need to be very careful in selecting a domain that assuredly contains incoming traffic. You may face a number of risks and challenges while selecting and buying a domain expired with supposedly full of incoming links and traffic.
Most of the sellers who sell their traffic enriched domains by providing a number of screen shots or an excel sheet containing the traffic statistics or even a detailed spreadsheet containing details about the traffic. Some intelligent domain sellers even provide a link to a parking account for you to check the detail of the traffic. The main purpose of these actions is to provide you guarantee that the domains-expired you are going to buy indeed contains lot of traffic.
However, there are two important issues here that you must pay your attention before buying that domain name:
a) You will ensure that the statistics provided by the seller are not fictitious.
b) You will also need to confirm whether the statistics provided are sustainable over longer durations.
Some domain traders advertise their domains to generate some amount of traffic. Once they ascertain that traffic is coming to the domain, they will sell off the domain at a very high price. Soon after receiving the money from the buyer, they will stop the domain promotion program to save their money on advertisement. This may eventually lead to loss of traffic and a situation where the domain may even start losing its earlier traffic.
These domains are actually useless as the incoming traffic is just momentary and non-organic.
Never ever, fall in to this kind of trap! Never buy those expired domains that their original owner manipulated just for the sake of getting an inflated price. The traffic that comes with these kinds of domains is never sustainable and you will be paying for the traffic hype surrounding the domain. Here are some basic rules of buying traffic rich expired domain names:
i) When the domain seller has integrity then the statistics provided by him or her will also be right.
ii) Never ever, feel that the deal is very good. Do not jump into the conclusion that you will be losing your money if you do not buy that domain. You may be burning your fingers in the process.
iii) Trust your intuition and instinct. If you have doubts about their numbers, ask the seller for all possible details. Confirm that they are not promoting the domains just for the sale of selling them.
You may never be sure of what you are buying in the guise of an expired domain with lot of incoming traffic. When you are careful, you can easily buy a very good domain that actually contains real type of traffic.
By: John Khu
About the Author:
John Khu is an author and also a seasoned professional with vast experience in expired domain name business. He is the owner of the web site called www.ExpiredDomainSecret.com which provides complete and up-to-date information on expired domains and their eternal secrets.
Depth of Field Explained
Dec 26th
The way a subject is reproduced in a photograph can be very different from how it looked to you as you took the picture. When you cast your eye over a scene, everything in it seems more or less equally sharp, but sometimes in the finished shot only part of the subject appears acceptably sharp.
This zone of sharpness is called the depth-of-field, and it extends in front of and behind the point that you actually focused on. The size of the zone is determined by three key factors – the aperture of the lens, the focal length of the lens used, and the distance you are from the subject. Varying these three elements allows you almost complete control over the depth-of-field in a picture.
When most of the picture is sharp, we say there’s lots of depth-of-field. When only part is sharp, we say depth-of-field is limited. As we’ll see later, whether you go for extensive or limited depth-of-field depends upon the subject matter and how you want to depict it
Three main factors that can be used to control depth-of-field
1 The aperture.
There’s a simple, direct relationship between aperture and depth-of-field – the smaller the aperture, the more extensive the depth-of-field.
So if you want to keep as much as possible sharp, you should set as small an aperture as possible – preferably f/16, or even f/22 if your lens offers it.
Depending on lighting conditions and your film stock, you may need to use a tripod or some other form of support at such small apertures, as the resulting long shutter speeds create a risk of camera-shake.
If, however, you want to concentrate attention on just one part of the scene, and throw the rest out-of-focus, you should select a large aperture. Exactly how large this can be depends on the maximum aperture of the lens you’re using. On a 50mm standard lens it will be f/1.7, f/1.8 or f/2, but on a standard zoom it will typically be f/3.5 or f/4.5.
For general picture-taking, when you want most of the picture to be in focus, you might want to set a middling aperture of around f/8 to f/11.
This is what a program exposure mode sets when left to its own devices Whenever possible you should take control of aperture selection and use either an aperture-priority or manual mode.
Four common techniques using depth-of-field
Use these four common approaches when planning a shot to ensure depth-of-field works for you
1 Everything sharp.
With subjects such as landscapes, groups, interiors and travel you’ll usually want to keep everything sharp. Using a wide-angle lens set to a small aperture will give you extensive depth-of-field, perhaps from around one meter through to infinity. But there will be times when foreground interest is closer than that. Here you need to resort to a neat little technique called hyperfocal focusing that allows you to increase the depth-of-field.
As a rule-of-thumb, there’s twice more depth-of-field behind the subject than in front of it. So if you photograph a distant subject such as a landscape and focus on infinity you waste lots of depth-of-field. By focusing a little closer, you’ll extend the depth-of-field at the front so it comes nearer to the camera, while still making sure that infinity falls within the depth-of-field behind the actual point of focus.
You can guess the hyperfocal focusing distance, but life is much easier if your lens is marked with a depth-of-field scale. This used to be regarded as an essential feature, but with the development of wide-ranging zooms many manufacturers now omit one. If you do have such a scale, simply line up the infinity mark against the mark for the aperture you’ve set and, although the image in the viewfinder will look out-of-focus, the finished image will be sharp from front to back.
2 Main subject sharp with background completely out-of-focus.
There are some subjects where you want the main subject to stand out strongly from an out-of-focus background. Portraiture, where the emphasis is on the person, rather than the location, is probably the most popular area. What you need here is a use a telephoto lens at its widest aperture. It’s also worth moving the subject as far away as possible from the background – in cramped studio situations this is often impossible but outside against a wall or foliage it’s usually easier. Take care, though, that you focus accurately, as the limited depth-of-field will be unforgiving of any focusing errors. For portraits focus on the eye for the best results.
3 Main subject sharp, with background out-of-focus but still recognisable.
Sometimes throwing the background completely out-of-focus is going too far. You want to show the subject in its natural environment, but with the background toned down to it doesn’t compete for attention. A person on the beach, for instance, an animal in the zoo, or a flower in a garden. Here a standard to short telephoto lens, somewhere from 50mm to 135mm, is ideal – especially if it’s coupled with a middle range aperture of around f/8.
4 Zone of sharpness deliberately limited.
Occasionally you may want to limit the depth-of-field to a very specific zone. Maybe in a portrait you want just the eyes in focus, and not even the ears or the tip of the nose. Here, once again, a depth-of-field scale on the lens helps, or, failing that a depth-of-field preview facility on the camera, This will give a visual indication of what will and won’t be in focus by manually stopping down the lens.
Summary
Overall, the practical use of depth-of-field can be summed up as follows:
To maximise depth-of-field and have as much sharp as possible use a wide-angle lens, set a small aperture and stand back from your subject
To minimise depth-of-field with only a small zone of the scene sharp use a telephoto lens, set a large aperture, and get closer to your subject.
27/08/2008 http://8×10cameras.com
By: Biznets
About the Author:
This zone of sharpness is called the depth-of-field, and it extends in front of and behind the point that you actually focused on. The size of the zone is determined by three key factors – the aperture of the lens, the focal length of the lens used, and the distance you are from the subject. Varying these three elements allows you almost complete control over the depth-of-field in a picture.
When most of the picture is sharp, we say there’s lots of depth-of-field. When only part is sharp, we say depth-of-field is limited. As we’ll see later, whether you go for extensive or limited depth-of-field depends upon the subject matter and how you want to depict it
Three main factors that can be used to control depth-of-field
1 The aperture.
There’s a simple, direct relationship between aperture and depth-of-field – the smaller the aperture, the more extensive the depth-of-field.
So if you want to keep as much as possible sharp, you should set as small an aperture as possible – preferably f/16, or even f/22 if your lens offers it.
Depending on lighting conditions and your film stock, you may need to use a tripod or some other form of support at such small apertures, as the resulting long shutter speeds create a risk of camera-shake.
If, however, you want to concentrate attention on just one part of the scene, and throw the rest out-of-focus, you should select a large aperture. Exactly how large this can be depends on the maximum aperture of the lens you’re using. On a 50mm standard lens it will be f/1.7, f/1.8 or f/2, but on a standard zoom it will typically be f/3.5 or f/4.5.
For general picture-taking, when you want most of the picture to be in focus, you might want to set a middling aperture of around f/8 to f/11.
This is what a program exposure mode sets when left to its own devices Whenever possible you should take control of aperture selection and use either an aperture-priority or manual mode.
Four common techniques using depth-of-field
Use these four common approaches when planning a shot to ensure depth-of-field works for you
1 Everything sharp.
With subjects such as landscapes, groups, interiors and travel you’ll usually want to keep everything sharp. Using a wide-angle lens set to a small aperture will give you extensive depth-of-field, perhaps from around one meter through to infinity. But there will be times when foreground interest is closer than that. Here you need to resort to a neat little technique called hyperfocal focusing that allows you to increase the depth-of-field.
As a rule-of-thumb, there’s twice more depth-of-field behind the subject than in front of it. So if you photograph a distant subject such as a landscape and focus on infinity you waste lots of depth-of-field. By focusing a little closer, you’ll extend the depth-of-field at the front so it comes nearer to the camera, while still making sure that infinity falls within the depth-of-field behind the actual point of focus.
You can guess the hyperfocal focusing distance, but life is much easier if your lens is marked with a depth-of-field scale. This used to be regarded as an essential feature, but with the development of wide-ranging zooms many manufacturers now omit one. If you do have such a scale, simply line up the infinity mark against the mark for the aperture you’ve set and, although the image in the viewfinder will look out-of-focus, the finished image will be sharp from front to back.
2 Main subject sharp with background completely out-of-focus.
There are some subjects where you want the main subject to stand out strongly from an out-of-focus background. Portraiture, where the emphasis is on the person, rather than the location, is probably the most popular area. What you need here is a use a telephoto lens at its widest aperture. It’s also worth moving the subject as far away as possible from the background – in cramped studio situations this is often impossible but outside against a wall or foliage it’s usually easier. Take care, though, that you focus accurately, as the limited depth-of-field will be unforgiving of any focusing errors. For portraits focus on the eye for the best results.
3 Main subject sharp, with background out-of-focus but still recognisable.
Sometimes throwing the background completely out-of-focus is going too far. You want to show the subject in its natural environment, but with the background toned down to it doesn’t compete for attention. A person on the beach, for instance, an animal in the zoo, or a flower in a garden. Here a standard to short telephoto lens, somewhere from 50mm to 135mm, is ideal – especially if it’s coupled with a middle range aperture of around f/8.
4 Zone of sharpness deliberately limited.
Occasionally you may want to limit the depth-of-field to a very specific zone. Maybe in a portrait you want just the eyes in focus, and not even the ears or the tip of the nose. Here, once again, a depth-of-field scale on the lens helps, or, failing that a depth-of-field preview facility on the camera, This will give a visual indication of what will and won’t be in focus by manually stopping down the lens.
Summary
Overall, the practical use of depth-of-field can be summed up as follows:
To maximise depth-of-field and have as much sharp as possible use a wide-angle lens, set a small aperture and stand back from your subject
To minimise depth-of-field with only a small zone of the scene sharp use a telephoto lens, set a large aperture, and get closer to your subject.
27/08/2008 http://8×10cameras.com
By: Biznets
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